OBJECTIVES to assess the patient condition by the various methods explained by the nursing theory -
to identify the needs of the patient -
to demonstrate an effective communication and interaction with the patient. -
to select a theory for the application according to the need of the patient -
to apply the theory to solve the identified problems of the patient -
to evaluate the extent to which the process was fruitful.
INTRODUCTION SYSTEM MODEL- BETTY NEUMAN The Neuman’s system model has two major components:stress and reaction to stress. -
The client in the Neuman’s system model is viewed as an open system in which repeated cycles of input, process, out put and feed back constitute a dynamic organizational pattern. -
The client may be an individual, a group, a family, a community or an aggregate. -
In the development towards growth and development open system continuously become more differentiated and elaborate or complex. -
As they become more complex, the internal conditions of regulation become more complex. -
Exchange with the environment are reciprocal, both the client and the environment may be affected either positively or negatively by the other. -
The system may adjust to the environment to itself. -
The ideal is to achieve optimal stability. -
As an open system the client, the client system has propensity to seek or maintain a balance among the various factors, both with in and out side the system, that seek to disrupt it. Neuman seeks these forces as stressors and views them as capable of having either positive or negative effects. -
Reaction to the stressors may be possible or actual with identifiable responses and symptom.
MAJOR CONCEPTS I. PERSON VARIABLES Each layer, or concentric circle, of the Neuman model is made up of the five person variables. Ideally, each of the person variables should be considered simultaneously and comprehensively. Physiological - refers of the physicochemical structure and function of the body. -
Psychological - refers to mental processes and emotions. -
Sociocultural - refers to relationships; and social/cultural expectations and activities. -
Spiritual - refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs. -
Developmental - refers to those processes related to development over the life span.
II. CENTRAL CORE The basic structure, or central core, is made up of the basic survival factors that are common to the species (Neuman, 1995, in George, 1996). -
These factors include: system variables, genetic features, and the strengths and weaknesses of the system parts. Examples of these may include: hair color, body temperature regulation ability, functioning of body systems homeostatically, cognitive ability, physical strength, and value systems. -
The person's system is an open system and therefore is dynamic and constantly changing and evolving. -
Stability, or homeostasis, occurs when the amount of energy that is available exceeds that being used by the system. -
A homeostatic body system is constantly in a dynamic process of input, output, feedback, and compensation, which leads to a state of balance.
III. FLEXIBLE LINES OF DEFENSE- The flexible line of defense is the outer barrier or cushion to the normal line of defense, the line of resistance, and the core structure. -
If the flexible line of defense fails to provide adequate protection to the normal line of defense, the lines of resistance become activated. -
The flexible line of defense acts as a cushion and is described as accordion-like as it expands away from or contracts closer to the normal line of defense. -
The flexible line of defense is dynamic and can be changed/altered in a relatively short period of time.
IV. NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE -
The normal line of defense represents system stability over time. -
It is considered to be the usual level of stability in the system. -
The normal line of defense can change over time in response to coping or responding to the environment. An example is skin, which is stable and fairly constant, but can thicken into a callus over time.
V. LINES OF RESISTANCE The lines of resistance protect the basic structure and become activated when environmental stressors invade the normal line of defense. Example: activation of the immune response after invasion of microorganisms. If the lines of resistance are effective, the system can reconstitute and if the lines of resistance are not effective, the resulting energy loss can result in death. VI. RECONSTITUTION- Reconstitution is the increase in energy that occurs in relation to the degree of reaction to the stressor. Reconstitution begins at any point following initiation of treatment for invasion of stressors. Reconstitution may expand the normal line of defense beyond its previous level, stabilize the system at a lower level, or return it to the level that existed before the illness. VII. STRESSORS The Neuman Systems Model looks at the impact of stressors on health and addresses stress and the reduction of stress (in the form of stressors). Stressors are capable of having either a positive or negative effect on the client system. A stressor is any environmental force which can potentially affect the stability of the system: they may be: Intrapersonal - occur within person, e.g. emotions and feelings -
Interpersonal - occur between individuals, e.g. role expectations -
Extra personal - occur outside the individual, e.g. job or finance pressures
The person has a certain degree of reaction to any given stressor at any given time. The nature of the reaction depends in part on the strength of the lines of resistance and defense. By means of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions, the person (or the nurse) attempts to restore or maintain the stability of the system. VII. PREVENTION As defined by Neuman's model, prevention is the primary nursing intervention. Prevention focuses on keeping stressors and the stress response from having a detrimental effect on the body. Primary -Primary prevention occurs before the system reacts to a stressor. On the one hand, it strengthens the person (primarily the flexible line of defense) to enable him to better deal with stressors, and on the other hand manipulates the environment to reduce or weaken stressors. Primary prevention includes health promotion and maintenance of wellness. Secondary-Secondary prevention occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is provided in terms of existing systems. Secondary prevention focuses on preventing damage to the central core by strengthening the internal lines of resistance and/or removing the stressor. Tertiary -Tertiary prevention occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies. Tertiary prevention offers support to the client and attempts to add energy to the system or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate reconstitution. NURSING METAPARADIGM A. PERSON The person is a layered multidimensional being. Each layer consists of five person variables or subsystems: Physical/Physiological -
Psychological -
Socio-cultural -
Developmental -
Spiritual
The layers, usually represented by concentric circle, consist of the central core, lines of resistance, lines of normal defense, and lines of flexible defense. The basic core structure is comprised of survival mechanisms including: organ function, temperature control, genetic structure, response patterns, ego, and what Neuman terms 'knowns and commonalities'. Lines of resistance and two lines of defense protect this core. The person may in fact be an individual, a family, a group, or a community in Neuman's model. The person, with a core of basic structures, is seen as being in constant, dynamic interaction with the environment. Around the basic core structures are lines of defense and resistance (shown diagrammatically as concentric circles, with the lines of resistance nearer to the core. The person is seen as being in a state of constant change and-as an open system-in reciprocal interaction with the environment (i.e. affecting, and being affected by it). B. THE ENVIRONMENT- The environment is seen to be the totality of the internal and external forces which surround a person and with which they interact at any given time. These forces include the intrapersonal, interpersonal and extra personal stressors which can affect the person's normal line of defense and so can affect the stability of the system. Neuman also identified a created environment which is an environment that is created and developed unconsciously by the client and is symbolic of system wholeness. C. HEALTH- -
Neuman sees health as being equated with wellness. She defines health/wellness as "the condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with the whole of the client (Neuman, 1995)". -
As the person is in a constant interaction with the environment, the state of wellness (and by implication any other state) is in dynamic equilibrium, rather than in any kind of steady state. -
Neuman proposes a wellness-illness continuum, with the person's position on that continuum being influenced by their interaction with the variables and the stressors they encounter. -
The client system moves toward illness and death when more energy is needed than is available. The client system moves toward wellness when more energy is available than is needed.
D. NURSING -
Neuman sees nursing as a unique profession that is concerned with all of the variables which influence the response a person might have to a stressor. -
The person is seen as a whole, and it is the task of nursing to address the whole person. -
Neuman defines nursing as actions which assist individuals, families and groups to maintain a maximum level of wellness, and the primary aim is stability of the patient/client system, through nursing interventions to reduce stressors. -
Neuman states that, because the nurse's perception will influence the care given, then not only must the patient/client's perceptions be assessed, but so must those of the caregiver (nurse). -
The role of the nurse is seen in terms of degrees of reaction to stressors, and the use of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
Neuman envisions a 3-stage nursing process: 1. Nursing Diagnosis - based of necessity in a thorough assessment, and with consideration given to five variables in three stressor areas. -
2. Nursing Goals - these must be negotiated with the patient, and take account of patient's and nurse's perceptions of variance from wellness -
3. Nursing Outcomes - considered in relation to five variables, and achieved through primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
NURSING PROCESS BASED ON SYSTEM MODEL Assessment: Neuman’s first step of nursing process parallels the assessment and nursing diagnosis of the six phase nursing process. Using system model in the assessment phase of nursing process the nurse focuses on obtaining a comprehensive client data base to determine the existing state of wellness and actual or potential reaction to environmental stressors. -
Nursing diagnosis- the synthesis of data with theory also provides the basis for nursing diagnosis. The nursing diagnostic statement should reflect the entire client condition. -
Outcome identification and planning- it involves negotiation between the care giver and the client or recipient of care. The overall goal of the care giver is to guide the client to conserve energy and to use energy as a force to move beyond the present. -
Implementation – nursing action are based on the synthesis of a comprehensive data base about the client and the theory that are appropriate to the client’s and caregiver’s perception and possibilities for functional competence in the environment. According to this step the evaluation confirms that the anticipated or prescribed change has occurred. Immediate and long range goals are structured in relation to the short term goals. -
Evaluation – evaluation is the anticipated or prescribed change has occurred. If it is not met the goals are reformed.
ASSESSMENT PATIENT PROFILE STRESSORS AS PERCEIVED BY CLIENT (Information collected from the patient and his wife) -
Major stress area, or areas of health concern -
Patient was suffering from severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, yellowish discolorations of eye, palm, and urine, reduced appetite and gross weight loss(8kg with in 4 months) -
Patient is been diagnosed to have Periampullary carcinoma one week back. -
Patient underwent operative procedure i.e. WHIPPLE’S PROCEDURE- Pancreato duodenectomy on 27/3/08. -
Psychologically disturbed about his disease condition- anticipating it as a life threatening condition. Patient is in depressive mood and does not interacting. -
Patient is disturbed by the thoughts that he became a burden to his children with so many serious illnesses which made them to stay with him at hospital. -
Patient has pitting type of edema over the ankle region, and it is more during the evening and will not be relieved by elevation of the affected extremities. -
He had developed BPH few months back (2008 January) and underwent surgery TURP on January 17. Still he has mild difficulty in initiating the stream of urine. -
Patient is a known case of Diabetes since last 28 years and for the last 4 years he is on Inj. H.Insulin (4U-0-0). It is adding up his distress regarding his health.
Life style patterns patient is a retired school teacher -
cares for wife and other family members -
living with his son and his family -
active in church -
participates in community group meeting i.e. local politics -
has a supportive spouse and family -
taking mixed diet -
no habits of smoking or drinking -
spends leisure time by reading news paper, watching TV, spending time with family members and relatives
Have you experienced a similar problem? The fatigue is similar to that of previous hospitalization (after the surgery of the BPH) -
Severity of pain was some what similar in the previous time of surgery i.e. TURP. -
Was psychologically disturbed during the previous surgery i.e. TURP. -
What helped then- family members psychological support helped him to over come the crisis situation
Anticipation of the future Concerns about the healthy and speedy recovery. -
Anticipation of changes in the lifestyle and food habits -
Anticipating about the demands of modified life style -
Anticipating the needs of future follow up
What doing to help himself? Talking to his friends and relatives -
Reading the religious materials i.e. reading the Bible -
Instillation of positive thoughts i.e. planning about the activities to be resume after discharge, spending time with grand children, going to the church, return back to the social interactions etc -
Avoiding the negative thoughts i.e. diverts the attentions from the pain or difficulties, try to eliminate the disturbing thoughts about the disease and surgery etc -
Trying to accept the reality etc..
What is expected of others? Family members visiting the patient and spending some time with him will help to a great extent to relieve his tension. -
Convey a warm and accepting behaviour towards him. -
Family members will help him to meet his own personal needs as much as possible. -
Involve the patient also in taking decisions about his own care, treatment, follow up etc
STRESSORS AS PERCEIVED BY THE CARE GIVER. Major stress areas Persistent fatigue -
Massive weight loss i.e.( 8 kg of body weight with in 4 months) -
History of BPH and its surgery -
Persistence of urinary symptoms (difficulty in initiating the stream of urine) and edema of the lower extremities -
Persistent disease- chronic hypertensive since last 28 years -
Depressive ideations and negative thoughts -
Present circumstances differing from the usual pattern of living -
Hospitalization -
acute pain ( before the surgery patient had pain because of the underlying pathology and after the surgery pain is present at the surgical site) -
nausea and vomiting which was present before the surgery and is still persisting after the surgery also -
anticipatory anxiety concerns the recovery and prognosis of the disease -
negative thoughts that he has become a burden to his children -
Anticipatory anxiety concerning the restrictions after the surgery and the life style modifications which are to be followed.
Clients past experience with the similar situations Patient verbalized that the severity of pain, nausea, fatigue etc was similar to that of patient’s previous surgery. Counter checked with the family members that what they observed. -
Psychologically disturbed previously also before the surgery. (collected from the patient and counter checked with the relatives) -
Client perceived that the present disease condition is much more severe than the previous condition. He thinks it is a serious form of cancer and the recovery is very poor. So patient is psychologically depressed.
Future anticipations Client is capable of handling the situation- will need support and encouragement to do so. -
He has the plans to go back home and to resume the activities which he was doing prior to the hospitalization. -
He also planned in his mind about the future follow up ie continuation of chemotherapy
What client can do to help himself? Patient is using his own coping strategies to adjust to the situations. -
He is spending time to read religious books and also spends time in talking with others -
He is trying to clarify his own doubts in an attempt to eliminate doubts and to instill hope. -
He sets his major goal i.e. a healthy and speedy recovery. -
Client's expectations of family, friends and caregivers -
he sees the health care providers as a source pf information. -
He tries to consider them as a significant members who can help to over come the stress -
He seeks both psychological and physical support from the care givers, friends and family members -
He sees the family members as helping hands and feels relaxed when they are with him.
Evaluation/ summary of impressions- INTRAPERSONAL FACTORS 1. Physical examination and investigations Height- 162 cm -
Weight – 42 kg -
TPR- 37o C, 74 b/m, 14 breaths per min -
BP- 130/78 mm of Hg -
Eye- vision is normal, on examination the appearance of eye is normal. Conjunctiva is pale in appearance. Pupils reacting to the light. -
Ear- appearance of ears normal. No wax deposition. Pinna is normal in appearance and hearing ability is also normal. -
Respiratory system- respiratory rate is normal, no abnormal sounds on auscultation. Respiratory rate is 16 breaths per min. -
Cardiovascular system- heart rate is 76 per min. on auscultation no abnormalities detected. Edema is present over the left ankle which is non pitting in nature. -
GIT- patient has the complaints of reduced appetite, nausea; vomiting etc. food intake is very less. Mouth- on examination is normal. Bowel sounds are reduced. Abdomen could not be palpated because of the presence of the surgical incision. Bowel habits are not regular after the hospitalization -
Extremities- range of motion of the extremities are normal. Edema is present over the left ankle which is non pitting in nature. Because of weakness and fatigue he is not able to walk with out support -
Integumentary system- extremities are mild yellowish in color. No cyanosis. Capillary refill is normal. -
Genitor urinary system- patient has difficulty in initiating the urine stream. No complaints of painful micturation or difficulty in passing urine. -
Self acre activities- perform some of his activities, for getting up from the bed he needs some other person’s support. To walk also he needs a support. He do his personal care activities with the support from the others -
Immunizations- it is been told that he has taken the immunizations at the specific periods itself and he also had taken hepatitis immunization around 8 years back -
Sleep –. He told that sleep is reduced because of the pain and other difficulties. Sleep is reduced after the hospitalization because of the noisy environment. -
Diet and nutrition- patient is taking mixed diet, but the food intake is less when compared to previous food intake because of the nausea and vomiting. Usually he takes food three times a day. -
Habits- patient does not have the habit of drinking or smoking. -
Other complaints- patient has the complaints of pain fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, difficulty in urination, etc...
2. Psycho- socio cultural Anxious about his condition -
Depressive mood -
Patient is a retired teacher and he is Christian by religion. -
Studied up to BA -
Married and has 4 children(2sons and 2 daughters) -
Congenial home environment and good relationship with wife and children -
Is active in the social activities at his native place and also actively involves in the religious activities too. -
Good and congenial relationship with the neighbors -
Has some good and close friend at his place and he actively interact with them. They also very supportive to him -
Good social support system is present from the family as well as from the neighborhood
3. Developmental factors Patient confidently says that he had been worked for 32 years as a teacher and he was a very good teacher for students and was a good coworker for the friends. -
He told that he could manage the official and house hold activities very well -
He was very active after the retirement and once he go back also he will resume the activities
4. Spiritual belief system Patient is Christian by religion -
He believes in got and used to go to church and also an active member in the religious activities. -
He has a personal Bible and he used to read it min of 2 times a day and also whenever he is worried or tensed he used to pray or read Bible. -
He has a good social support system present which helps him to keep his mind active.
INTERPERSONAL FACTORS has supportive family and friends -
good social interaction with others -
good social support system is present -
active in the agricultural works at home after the retirement -
active in the religious activities. -
Good interpersonal relationship with wife and the children -
Good social adjustment present
EXTRAPERSONAL FACTORS All the health care facilities are present at his place -
All communication facilities, travel and transport facilities etc are present at his own place. -
His house at a village which is not much far from the city and the facilities are available at the place. -
Financially they are stable and are able to meet the treatment expenses.
Summary Physiological- thin body built pallor of extremities, yellowish discoloration of the mucus membrane and sclera of eye. Nausea, vomiting, reduced appetite, reduced urinary out put. Diagnosed to have periampullary carcinoma. -
Psycho socio cultural factors- patient is anxious abut his condition. Depressive mood. Not interacting much with others. Good support system is present. -
Developmental –no developmental abnormalities. Appropriate to the age. -
Spiritual- patient’s belief system has a positive contribution to his recovery and adjustment.
CLINICAL FEATURES pain abdomen since 4 days -
Discoloration of urine -
Complaints of vomiting -
Fatigue -
Reduced appetite -
on and off fever -
Yellowish discoloration of eye, palms and nails -
Complaints of weight loss -
Edema over the left leg
Investigations | Values | Hemoglobin(13-19g/dl) | 6.9 | HCT (40-50%) | 21.9 | WBC (4000-11000 cells/cumm) | 12200 | Neutrophil (40-75%) | 77.2 | Lymphocyte (25-45%) | 10.5 | Monocyte (2-10%) | 4.5 | Eosinophil (0-10%) | 2.6 | Basophil (0-2%) | .2 | Platelet (150000-400000 cells/cumm) | 345000 | ESR (0-10mm/hr) | 86 | RBS (60-150 mg/dl) | 148 | Pus C/S | _ | USG | USG shows mild diffuse cell growth at the Ampulla of Vater which suggests peri ampullary carcinoma of Grade I with out metastasis and gross spread. | Urea (8-35mg/dl) | 28 | Creatinine (0.6-1.6 mg/dl) | 1.8 | Sodium (130-143 mEq/L) | 136 | Potassium (3.5-5 mEq/L) | 4 | PT (patient)(11.4-15.6 sec) | 12.3 | APTT- patient (24- 32.4 sec) | 26.4 | Blood group | A+ | HIV | Negative | HCV | Negative | HBsAg | Negative | Urine Protein (negative) | Negative | Urine WBC (0-5 cells/hpf) | Nil | RBC (nil ) | Nil | Initial Treatment | Post operative period (immediate post op) | Patient got admitted to ---- Medical college for 3 days and the symptoms not relieved. So they asked for discharge and came to ---this hospital. There he was treated with: -
Inj Tramazac IV SOS -
IV fluids – DNS
Treatment at this hospital... Pre operative period -
Tab Clovipas 75 mg 0-1-0 -
Tab Monotrate 1-0-1 -
Tab Metalor XL 1-0-0 -
Inj H Insulin S/C 6-0-6U -
Inj Tramazac 50 mg IV Q8H -
Inj Emset 4 mg Q8H -
Tab Pantodac 40 mg 1-0-0 -
Cap beneficiale 0-1-0 -
Syp Aristozyme 1-1-1 -
K bind I sachet TID Surgical management Patient underwent Whipple’s procedure (pancreato duodenectomy) | -
Inj Pethedine 1mg SOS -
Inj Phenargan SOS -
Inj Pantodac 40 mg IV OD -
Inj Clexane 0.3 ml S/C OD -
Inj Vorth P 40 mg IM Q12H -
Inj calcium Gluconate 10 ml over 10 min -
IV fluids – DNS
Late post op period after 3 days of surgery) - Inj H Insulin S/C 6-0-6U
- Tab Pantodac 40 mg 1-0-0
- Cap beneficiale 0-1-0
- Tab Clovipas 75 mg 0-1-0
- Tab Monotrate 1-0-1
- Tab Metalor XL 1-0-0
Other instructions - Incentive spirometry
- Steam inhalation
- Eearly ambulation
- Diabetic diet
| NURSING PROCESS I. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Acute pain related to the presence of surgical wound on abdomen secondary to periampullary carcinoma Desired Outcome/goal : Patient will get relief from pain as evidenced by a reduction in the pain scale score and verbalization. | Nursing Actions | | Primary Prevention | secondary Prevention | Tertiary Prevention | -
Assess severity of pain by using a pain scale -
Check the surgical site for any signs of infection or complications -
Support the areas with extra pillow to allow the normal alignment and to prevent strain -
Handle the area gently. Avoid unnecessary handling as this will affect the healing process -
lean the area around the incision and do surgical dressing at the site of incision to prevent any form of infections -
Provide non-pharmacological measures for pain relief such as diversional activity which diverts the patients mind. -
Administer the pain medications as per the prescription by the pain clinics to relieve the severity of pain. -
Keep the patients body clean in order to avoid infection
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Teach the patient about the relaxation techniques and make him to do it -
Encourage the patient to divert his mind from pain and to engage in pleasurable activities like taking with others -
Do not allow the patient to do strenuous activities. And explain to the patient why those activities are contraindicated. -
Involve the patient in making decisions about his own care and provide a positive psychological support -
Provide the primary preventive care when ever necessary.
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educate the client about the importance of cleanliness and encourage him to maintain good personal hygiene. -
Involve the family members in the care of patient -
Encourage relatives to be with the client in order provide a psychological well being to patient . -
Educate the family members about the pain management measures. -
Provide the primary and secondary preventive measures to the client whenever necessary.
| Evaluation – patient verbalized that the pain got reduced and the pain scale score also was zero. His facial expression also reveals that he got relief from pain. II. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Activity intolerance related to fatigue secondary to pain at the surgery site, and dietary restrictions Outcome/ goals: Client will develop appropriate levels of activity free from excess fatigue, as evidenced by normal vital signs & verbalized understanding of the benefits of gradual increase in activity & exercise. | Nursing actions | | Primary prevention | Secondary prevention | Tertiary prevention | -
Adequately oxygenate the client -
Instruct the client to avoid the activities which causes extreme fatigue -
Provide the necessary articles near the patients bed side. -
Assist the patient in early ambulation -
Monitor client’s response to the activities in order to reduce discomforts. -
Provide nutritious diet to the client. -
Avoid psychological distress to the client. Tell the family members to be with him. -
Schedule rest periods because it helps to alleviate fatigue
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Instruct the client to avoid the activities which causes extreme fatigue. -
Advice the client to perform exercises to strengthen the extremities& promote activities -
Tell the client to avoid the activities such as straining at stool etc -
Teach the client about the importance of early ambulation and assist the patient in early ambulation -
Teach the mobility exercises appropriate for the patient to improve the circulation
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Encourage the client to do the mobility exercises -
Tell the family members to provide nutritious diet in a frequent intervals -
Teach the patient and the family about the importance of psychological well being in recovery. -
Provide the primary and secondary level care if necessary.
| Evaluation – patient verbalized that his activity level improved. He is able to do some of his activities with assistance. Fatigue relieved and patient looks much more active and interactive. NURSING DIAGNOSIS-III Impaired physical mobility related to presence of dressing, pain at the site of surgical incision Outcomes/goals: Patient will have improved physical mobility as evidenced by walking with minimum support and doing the activities in limit. | Nursing actions | | Primary prevention | Secondary prevention | Tertiary prevention | - Provide active and passive exercises to all the extremities to improve the muscle tone and strength.
-
Make the patient to perform the breathing exercises which will strengthen the respiratory muscle. -
Massage the upper and lower extremities which help to improve the circulation. -
Provide articles near to the patient and encourage doing activities within limits which promote a feeling of well being.
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Provide positive reinforcement for even a small improvement to increase the frequency of the desired activity. -
Teach the mobility exercises appropriate for the patient to improve the circulation and to prevent contractures -
Mobilize the patient and encourage him to do so whenever possible -
Motivate the client to involve in his own care activities -
Provide primary preventive measures whenever necessary
| | CONCLUSION The Neuman’s system model when applied in nursing practice helped in identifying the interpersonal, intrapersonal and extra personal stressors of Mr. AM from various aspects. This was helpful to provide care in a comprehensive manner. The application of this theory revealed how well the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention interventions could be used for solving the problems in the client. REFERENCES Alligood M R, Tomey A M. Nursing Theory: Utilization &Application .3rd ed. Missouri: Elsevier Mosby Publications; 2002. -
Tomey AM, Alligood. MR. Nursing theorists and their work. (5th ed.). Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002 -
George JB .Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice,5th ed. New Jersey :Prentice Hall;2002.
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